GROFF_CHAR

Section: Environments, Tables, and Troff Macros (7)
Updated: 07 February 2013
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NAME

groff_char - groff glyph names

DESCRIPTION

This manual page lists the standard groff glyph names and the default input mapping, latin1. The glyphs in this document look different depending on which output device was chosen (with option -T for the man(1) program or the roff formatter). Glyphs not available for the device that is being used to print or view this manual page are marked with `(N/A)'.

In the actual version, groff provides only 8-bit characters for direct input and named entities for further glyphs. On ASCII platforms, input character codes in the range 0 to 127 (decimal) represent the usual 7-bit ASCII characters, while codes between 127 and 255 are interpreted as the corresponding characters in the latin1 (ISO-8859-1) code set by default. This mapping is contained in the file latin1.tmac and can be changed by loading a different input encoding. Note that some of the input characters are reserved by groff, either for internal use or for special input purposes. On EBCDIC platforms, only code page cp1047 is supported (which contains the same characters as latin1; the input encoding file is called cp1047.tmac). Again, some input characters are reserved for internal and special purposes.

All roff systems provide the concept of named glyphs. In traditional roff systems, only names of length 2 were used, while groff also provides support for longer names. It is strongly suggested that only named glyphs are used for all character representations outside of the printable 7-bit ASCII range.

Some of the predefined groff escape sequences (with names of length 1) also produce single glyphs; these exist for historical reasons or are printable versions of syntactical characters. They include `\\', `\'', `\`', `\-', `\.', and `\e'; see groff(7).

In groff, all of these different types of characters and glyphs can be tested positively with the `.if c' conditional.

REFERENCE

In this section, the glyphs in groff are specified in tabular form. The meaning of the columns is as follows.

Output: shows how the glyph is printed for the current device; although this can have quite a different shape on other devices, it always represents the same glyph.
Input: specifies how the glyph is input either directly by a key on the keyboard, or by a groff escape sequence.
Code: applies to glyphs which can be input with a single character, and gives the ISO latin1 decimal code of that input character. Note that this code is equivalent to the lowest 256 Unicode characters, including 7-bit ASCII in the range 0 to 127.
PostScript: gives the usual PostScript name of the glyph.
Unicode: is the glyph name used in composite glyph names.

7-bit Character Codes 32-126

These are the basic glyphs having 7-bit ASCII code values assigned. They are identical to the printable characters of the character standards ISO-8859-1 (latin1) and Unicode (range Basic Latin). The glyph names used in composite glyph names are `u0020' up to `u007E'.

Note that input characters in the range 0-31 and character 127 are not printable characters. Most of them are invalid input characters for groff anyway, and the valid ones have special meaning. For EBCDIC, the printable characters are in the range 66-255.

48-57: Decimal digits 0 to 9 (print as themselves).
65-90: Upper case letters A-Z (print as themselves).
97-122: Lower case letters a-z (print as themselves).

Most of the remaining characters not in the just described ranges print as themselves; the only exceptions are the following characters:

`: the ISO latin1 `Grave Accent' (code 96) prints as `, a left single quotation mark; the original character can be obtained with `\`'.
': the ISO latin1 `Apostrophe' (code 39) prints as ', a right single quotation mark; the original character can be obtained with `\(aq'.
-: the ISO latin1 `Hyphen, Minus Sign' (code 45) prints as a hyphen; a minus sign can be obtained with `\-'.
~: the ISO latin1 `Tilde' (code 126) is reduced in size to be usable as a diacritic; a larger glyph can be obtained with `\(ti'.
^: the ISO latin1 `Circumflex Accent' (code 94) is reduced in size to be usable as a diacritic; a larger glyph can be obtained with `\(ha'.

Output	Input	Code	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

33	33	33	exclam	u0021
34	34	34	quotedbl	u0022
35	35	35	numbersign	u0023
36	36	36	dollar	u0024
37	37	37	percent	u0025
38	38	38	ampersand	u0026
39	39	39	quoteright	u0027
40	40	40	parenleft	u0028
41	41	41	parenright	u0029
42	42	42	asterisk	u002A
43	43	43	plus	u002B
44	44	44	comma	u002C
45	45	45	hyphen	u2010
46	46	46	period	u002E
47	47	47	slash	u002F
58	58	58	colon	u003A
59	59	59	semicolon	u003B
60	60	60	less	u003C
61	61	61	equal	u003D
62	62	62	greater	u003E
63	63	63	question	u003F
64	64	64	at	u0040
91	91	91	bracketleft	u005B
92	92	92	backslash	u005C
93	93	93	bracketright	u005D
94	94	94	circumflex	u005E	circumflex accent
95	95	95	underscore	u005F
96	96	96	quoteleft	u0060
23	23	123	braceleft	u007B
24	24	124	bar	u007C
25	25	125	braceright	u007D
26	26	126	tilde	u007E	tilde accent

8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255

They are interpreted as printable characters according to the latin1 (ISO-8859-1) code set, being identical to the Unicode range Latin-1 Supplement.

Input characters in range 128-159 (on non-EBCDIC hosts) are not printable characters.

160: the ISO latin1 no-break space is mapped to `\~', the stretchable space character.
173: the soft hyphen control character. groff never uses this character for output (thus it is omitted in the table below); the input character 173 is mapped onto `\%'.

The remaining ranges (161-172, 174-255) are printable characters that print as themselves. Although they can be specified directly with the keyboard on systems with a latin1 code page, it is better to use their glyph names; see next section.

Output	Input	Code	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

61	61	161	exclamdown	u00A1	inverted exclamation mark
62	62	162	cent	u00A2
63	63	163	sterling	u00A3
64	64	164	currency	u00A4
65	65	165	yen	u00A5
66	66	166	brokenbar	u00A6
67	67	167	section	u00A7
68	68	168	dieresis	u00A8
69	69	169	copyright	u00A9
70	70	170	ordfeminine	u00AA
71	71	171	guillemotleft	u00AB
72	72	172	logicalnot	u00AC
74	74	174	registered	u00AE
75	75	175	macron	u00AF
76	76	176	degree	u00B0
77	77	177	plusminus	u00B1
78	78	178	twosuperior	u00B2
79	79	179	threesuperior	u00B3
80	80	180	acute	u00B4	acute accent
81	81	181	mu	u00B5	micro sign
82	82	182	paragraph	u00B6
83	83	183	periodcentered	u00B7
84	84	184	cedilla	u00B8
85	85	185	onesuperior	u00B9
86	86	186	ordmasculine	u00BA
87	87	187	guillemotright	u00BB
88	88	188	onequarter	u00BC
89	89	189	onehalf	u00BD
90	90	190	threequarters	u00BE
91	91	191	questiondown	u00BF
92	92	192	Agrave	u0041_0300
93	93	193	Aacute	u0041_0301
94	94	194	Acircumflex	u0041_0302
95	95	195	Atilde	u0041_0303
96	96	196	Adieresis	u0041_0308
97	97	197	Aring	u0041_030A
98	98	198	AE	u00C6
99	99	199	Ccedilla	u0043_0327
00	00	200	Egrave	u0045_0300
01	01	201	Eacute	u0045_0301
02	02	202	Ecircumflex	u0045_0302
03	03	203	Edieresis	u0045_0308
04	04	204	Igrave	u0049_0300
05	05	205	Iacute	u0049_0301
06	06	206	Icircumflex	u0049_0302
07	07	207	Idieresis	u0049_0308
08	08	208	Eth	u00D0
09	09	209	Ntilde	u004E_0303
10	10	210	Ograve	u004F_0300
11	11	211	Oacute	u004F_0301
12	12	212	Ocircumflex	u004F_0302
13	13	213	Otilde	u004F_0303
14	14	214	Odieresis	u004F_0308
15	15	215	multiply	u00D7
16	16	216	Oslash	u00D8
17	17	217	Ugrave	u0055_0300
18	18	218	Uacute	u0055_0301
19	19	219	Ucircumflex	u0055_0302
20	20	220	Udieresis	u0055_0308
21	21	221	Yacute	u0059_0301
22	22	222	Thorn	u00DE
23	23	223	germandbls	u00DF
24	24	224	agrave	u0061_0300
25	25	225	aacute	u0061_0301
26	26	226	acircumflex	u0061_0302
27	27	227	atilde	u0061_0303
28	28	228	adieresis	u0061_0308
29	29	229	aring	u0061_030A
30	30	230	ae	u00E6
31	31	231	ccedilla	u0063_0327
32	32	232	egrave	u0065_0300
33	33	233	eacute	u0065_0301
34	34	234	ecircumflex	u0065_0302
35	35	235	edieresis	u0065_0308
36	36	236	igrave	u0069_0300
37	37	237	iacute	u0069_0301
38	38	238	icircumflex	u0069_0302
39	39	239	idieresis	u0069_0308
40	40	240	eth	u00F0
41	41	241	ntilde	u006E_0303
42	42	242	ograve	u006F_0300
43	43	243	oacute	u006F_0301
44	44	244	ocircumflex	u006F_0302
45	45	245	otilde	u006F_0303
46	46	246	odieresis	u006F_0308
47	47	247	divide	u00F7
48	48	248	oslash	u00F8
49	49	249	ugrave	u0075_0300
50	50	250	uacute	u0075_0301
51	51	251	ucircumflex	u0075_0302
52	52	252	udieresis	u0075_0308
53	53	253	yacute	u0079_0301
54	54	254	thorn	u00FE
55	55	255	ydieresis	u0079_0308

Named Glyphs

Glyph names can be embedded into the document text by using escape sequences. groff(7) describes how these escape sequences look. Glyph names can consist of quite arbitrary characters from the ASCII or latin1 code set, not only alphanumeric characters. Here some examples:

\(ch: A glyph having the 2-character name ch.
\[,char_name/]: A glyph having the name char_name (having length 1, 2, 3, ...). Note that `c' is not the same as `\[,c/]' (,c a single character): The latter is internally mapped to glyph name `\c'. By default, groff defines a single glyph name starting with a backslash, namely `\-', which can be either accessed as `\-' or `\[-]'.
\[,base_glyph composite_1 composite_2 .../]: A composite glyph; see below for a more detailed description.

In groff, each 8-bit input character can also referred to by the construct `\[char,n/]' where n is the decimal code of the character, a number between 0 and 255 without leading zeros (those entities are not glyph names). They are normally mapped onto glyphs using the .trin request. Another special convention is the handling of glyphs with names directly derived from a Unicode code point; this is discussed below. Moreover, new glyph names can be created by the .char request; see groff(7).

In the following, a plus sign in the `Notes' column indicates that this particular glyph name appears in the PS version of the original troff documentation, CSTR 54.

Entries marked with `***' denote glyphs for mathematical purposes (mainly used for DVI output). Normally, such glyphs have metrics which make them unusable in normal text.

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

Ð	\[-D]	Eth	u00D0	uppercase eth
ð	\[Sd]	eth	u00F0	lowercase eth
Þ	\[TP]	Thorn	u00DE	uppercase thorn
þ	\[Tp]	thorn	u00FE	lowercase thorn
ß	\[ss]	germandbls	u00DF	German sharp s

Ligatures and Other Latin Glyphs

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

ff	\[ff]	ff	u0066_0066	ff ligature +
fi	\[fi]	fi	u0066_0069	fi ligature +
fl	\[fl]	fl	u0066_006C	fl ligature +
ffi	\[Fi]	ffi	u0066_0066_0069	ffi ligature +
ffl	\[Fl]	ffl	u0066_0066_006C	ffl ligature +
Ł	\[/L]	Lslash	u0141	(Polish)
ł	\[/l]	lslash	u0142	(Polish)
Ø	\[/O]	Oslash	u00D8	(Scandinavian)
ø	\[/o]	oslash	u00F8	(Scandinavian)
Æ	\[AE]	AE	u00C6
æ	\[ae]	ae	u00E6
Œ	\[OE]	OE	u0152
œ	\[oe]	oe	u0153
IJ	\[IJ]	IJ	u0132	(Dutch)
ij	\[ij]	ij	u0133	(Dutch)
ı	\[.i]	dotlessi	u0131	(Turkish)
.j	\[.j]	dotlessj	u0237	j without a dot

Accented Characters

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

Á	\['A]	Aacute	u0041_0301
'C	\['C]	Cacute	u0043_0301
É	\['E]	Eacute	u0045_0301
Í	\['I]	Iacute	u0049_0301
Ó	\['O]	Oacute	u004F_0301
Ú	\['U]	Uacute	u0055_0301
Ý	\['Y]	Yacute	u0059_0301
á	\['a]	aacute	u0061_0301
'c	\['c]	cacute	u0063_0301
é	\['e]	eacute	u0065_0301
í	\['i]	iacute	u0069_0301
ó	\['o]	oacute	u006F_0301
ú	\['u]	uacute	u0075_0301
ý	\['y]	yacute	u0079_0301
Ä	\[:A]	Adieresis	u0041_0308	A with umlaut
Ë	\[:E]	Edieresis	u0045_0308
Ï	\[:I]	Idieresis	u0049_0308
Ö	\[:O]	Odieresis	u004F_0308
Ü	\[:U]	Udieresis	u0055_0308
:Y	\[:Y]	Ydieresis	u0059_0308
ä	\[:a]	adieresis	u0061_0308
ë	\[:e]	edieresis	u0065_0308
ï	\[:i]	idieresis	u0069_0308
ö	\[:o]	odieresis	u006F_0308
ü	\[:u]	udieresis	u0075_0308
ÿ	\[:y]	ydieresis	u0079_0308
Â	\[^A]	Acircumflex	u0041_0302
Ê	\[^E]	Ecircumflex	u0045_0302
Î	\[^I]	Icircumflex	u0049_0302
Ô	\[^O]	Ocircumflex	u004F_0302
Û	\[^U]	Ucircumflex	u0055_0302
â	\[^a]	acircumflex	u0061_0302
ê	\[^e]	ecircumflex	u0065_0302
î	\[^i]	icircumflex	u0069_0302
ô	\[^o]	ocircumflex	u006F_0302
û	\[^u]	ucircumflex	u0075_0302
À	\[`A]	Agrave	u0041_0300
È	\[`E]	Egrave	u0045_0300
Ì	\[`I]	Igrave	u0049_0300
Ò	\[`O]	Ograve	u004F_0300
Ù	\[`U]	Ugrave	u0055_0300
à	\[`a]	agrave	u0061_0300
è	\[`e]	egrave	u0065_0300
ì	\[`i]	igrave	u0069_0300
ò	\[`o]	ograve	u006F_0300
ù	\[`u]	ugrave	u0075_0300
Ã	\[~A]	Atilde	u0041_0303
Ñ	\[~N]	Ntilde	u004E_0303
Õ	\[~O]	Otilde	u004F_0303
ã	\[~a]	atilde	u0061_0303
ñ	\[~n]	ntilde	u006E_0303
õ	\[~o]	otilde	u006F_0303
vS	\[vS]	Scaron	u0053_030C
vs	\[vs]	scaron	u0073_030C
vZ	\[vZ]	Zcaron	u005A_030C
vz	\[vz]	zcaron	u007A_030C
Ç	\[,C]	Ccedilla	u0043_0327
ç	\[,c]	ccedilla	u0063_0327
Å	\[oA]	Aring	u0041_030A
å	\[oa]	aring	u0061_030A

Accents

The composite request is used to map most of the accents to non-spacing glyph names; the values given in parentheses are the original (spacing) ones.

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

a"	\[a"]	hungarumlaut	u030B (u02DD)	(Hungarian)
a-	\[a-]	macron	u0304 (u00AF)
a.	\[a.]	dotaccent	u0307 (u02D9)
a^	\[a^]	circumfle	u0302 (u005E)
´	\[aa]	acute	u0301 (u00B4)	+
`	\[ga]	grave	u0300 (u0060)	+
ab	\[ab]	breve	u0306 (u02D8)
ac	\[ac]	cedilla	u0327 (u00B8)
ad	\[ad]	dieresis	u0308 (u00A8)	umlaut
ah	\[ah]	caron	u030C (u02C7)
ao	\[ao]	ring	u030A (u02DA)	circle
~	\[a~]	tilde	u0303 (u007E)
ho	\[ho]	ogonek	u0328 (u02DB)	hook
ha	\[ha]	asciicircum	u005E	(spacing)
~	\[ti]	asciitilde	u007E	(spacing)

Quotes

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

Bq	\[Bq]	quotedblbase	u201E	low double comma quote
bq	\[bq]	quotesinglbase	u201A	low single comma quote
"	\[lq]	quotedblleft	u201C
"	\[rq]	quotedblright	u201D
'	\[oq]	quoteleft	u2018	single open quote
'	\[cq]	quoteright	u2019	single closing quote
'	\[aq]	quotesingle	u0027	apostrophe quote (ASCII 39)
"	\[dq]	quotedbl	u0022	double quote (ASCII 34)
«	\[Fo]	guillemotleft	u00AB
»	\[Fc]	guillemotright	u00BB
‹	\[fo]	guilsinglleft	u2039
›	\[fc]	guilsinglright	u203A

Punctuation

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode Notes

¡	\[r!]	exclamdown	u00A1
¿	\[r?]	questiondown	u00BF
---	\[em]	emdash	u2014	+
-	\[en]	endash	u2013
-	\[hy]	hyphen	u2010	+

Brackets

The extensible bracket pieces are font-invariant glyphs. In classical troff only one glyph was available to vertically extend brackets, braces, and parentheses: `bv'. We map it rather arbitrarily to u23AA.

Note that not all devices contain extensible bracket pieces which can be piled up with `\b' due to the restrictions of the escape's piling algorithm. A general solution to build brackets out of pieces is the following macro:


.\" Make a pile centered vertically 0.5em
.\" above the baseline.
.\" The first argument is placed at the top.
.\" The pile is returned in string `pile'
.eo
.de pile-make
.  nr pile-wd 0
.  nr pile-ht 0
.  ds pile-args
.
.  nr pile-# \n[.$]
.  while \n[pile-#] \{\
.    nr pile-wd (\n[pile-wd] >? \w'\$[\n[pile-#]]')
.    nr pile-ht +(\n[rst] - \n[rsb])
.    as pile-args \v'\n[rsb]u'\"
.    as pile-args \Z'\$[\n[pile-#]]'\"
.    as pile-args \v'-\n[rst]u'\"
.    nr pile-# -1
.  \}
.
.  ds pile \v'(-0.5m + (\n[pile-ht]u / 2u))'\"
.  as pile \*[pile-args]\"
.  as pile \v'((\n[pile-ht]u / 2u) + 0.5m)'\"
.  as pile \h'\n[pile-wd]u'\"
..
.ec

Another complication is the fact that some glyphs which represent bracket pieces in original troff can be used for other mathematical symbols also, for example `lf' and `rf' which provide the `floor' operator. Other devices (most notably for DVI output) don't unify such glyphs. For this reason, the four glyphs `lf', `rf', `lc', and `rc' are not unified with similarly looking bracket pieces. In groff, only glyphs with long names are guaranteed to pile up correctly for all devices (provided those glyphs exist).

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

[	\[lB]	bracketleft	u005B
]	\[rB]	bracketright	u005D
{	\[lC]	braceleft	u007B
}	\[rC]	braceright	u007D
<	\[la]	angleleft	u27E8	left angle bracket
>	\[ra]	angleright	u27E9	right angle bracket

\|	\[bv]	braceex	u23AA	vertical extension *** +
ex	\[braceex]	braceex	u23AA

tp	\[bracketlefttp]	bracketlefttp	u23A1
bt	\[bracketleftbt]	bracketleftbt	u23A3
ex	\[bracketleftex]	bracketleftex	u23A2
tp	\[bracketrighttp]	bracketrighttp	u23A4
bt	\[bracketrightbt]	bracketrightbt	u23A6
ex	\[bracketrightex]	bracketrightex	u23A5

lt	\[lt]	bracelefttp	u23A7	+
tp	\[bracelefttp]	bracelefttp	u23A7
{	\[lk]	braceleftmid	u23A8	+
id	\[braceleftmid]	braceleftmid	u23A8
[	\[lb]	braceleftbt	u23A9	+
bt	\[braceleftbt]	braceleftbt	u23A9
ex	\[braceleftex]	braceleftex	u23AA
rt	\[rt]	bracerighttp	u23AB	+
tp	\[bracerighttp]	bracerighttp	u23AB
}	\[rk]	bracerightmid	u23AC	+
id	\[bracerightmid]	bracerightmid	u23AC
rb	\[rb]	bracerightbt	u23AD	+
bt	\[bracerightbt]	bracerightbt	u23AD
ex	\[bracerightex]	bracerightex	u23AA
tp	\[parenlefttp]	parenlefttp	u239B
bt	\[parenleftbt]	parenleftbt	u239D
ex	\[parenleftex]	parenleftex	u239C
tp	\[parenrighttp]	parenrighttp	u239E
bt	\[parenrightbt]	parenrightbt	u23A0
ex	\[parenrightex]	parenrightex	u239F

Arrows

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

←	\[<-]	arrowleft	u2190	+
→	\[->]	arrowright	u2192	+
↔	\[<>]	arrowboth	u2194	(horizontal)
↓	\[da]	arrowdown	u2193	+
↑	\[ua]	arrowup	u2191	+
va	\[va]	arrowupdn	u2195
⇐	\[lA]	arrowdblleft	u21D0
⇒	\[rA]	arrowdblright	u21D2
⇔	\[hA]	arrowdblboth	u21D4	(horizontal)
⇓	\[dA]	arrowdbldown	u21D3
⇑	\[uA]	arrowdblup	u21D1
vA	\[vA]	uni21D5	u21D5	vertical double-headed double arrow
an	\[an]	arrowhorizex	u23AF	horizontal arrow extension

Lines

The font-invariant glyphs `br', `ul', and `rn' form corners; they can be used to build boxes. Note that both the PostScript and the Unicode-derived names of these three glyphs are just rough approximations.

`rn' also serves in classical troff as the horizontal extension of the square root sign.

`ru' is a font-invariant glyph, namely a rule of length 0.5m.

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

\|	\[ba]	bar	u007C
\|	\[br]	SF110000	u2502	box rule +
_	\[ul]	underscore	u005F	+
¯	\[rn]	overline	u203E	+
_	\[ru]	---	---	baseline rule +
\|	\[bb]	brokenbar	u00A6
/	\[sl]	slash	u002F	+
\	\[rs]	backslash	u005C	reverse solidus

Use `\[radicalex]', not `\[overline]', for continuation of square root.

Text markers

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

○	\[ci]	circle	u25CB	+
•	\[bu]	bullet	u2022	+
=	\[dd]	daggerdbl	u2021	double dagger sign +
-	\[dg]	dagger	u2020	+
◊	\[lz]	lozenge	u25CA
□	\[sq]	uni25A1	u25A1	white square +
¶	\[ps]	paragraph	u00B6
§	\[sc]	section	u00A7	+
☚	\[lh]	uni261C	u261C	hand pointing left +
☛	\[rh]	a14	u261E	hand pointing right +
@	\[at]	at	u0040
#	\[sh]	numbersign	u0023
␍	\[CR]	carriagereturn	u21B5
OK	\[OK]	a19	u2713	check mark, tick

Legal Symbols

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

©	\[co]	copyright	u00A9	+
®	\[rg]	registered	u00AE	+
™	\[tm]	trademark	u2122
bs	\[bs]	---	---	AT&T Bell Labs logo +

The Bell Labs logo is not supported in groff.

Currency symbols

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

$	\[Do]	dollar	u0024
¢	\[ct]	cent	u00A2	+
€	\[eu]	---	u20AC	official Euro symbol
€	\[Eu]	Euro	u20AC	font-specific Euro glyph variant
¥	\[Ye]	yen	u00A5
£	\[Po]	sterling	u00A3	British currency sign
¤	\[Cs]	currency	u00A4	Scandinavian currency sign
Fn	\[Fn]	florin	u0192	Dutch currency sign

Units

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

°	\[de]	degree	u00B0	+
‰	\[%0]	perthousand	u2030	per thousand, per mille sign
´	\[fm]	minute	u2032	footmark, prime +
sd	\[sd]	second	u2033
µ	\[mc]	mu	u00B5	micro sign
Of	\[Of]	ordfeminine	u00AA
Om	\[Om]	ordmasculine	u00BA

Logical Symbols

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

AN	\[AN]	logicaland	u2227
OR	\[OR]	logicalor	u2228
¬	\[no]	logicalnot	u00AC	+
no	\[tno]	logicalnot	u00AC	text variant of `no'
te	\[te]	existential	u2203	there exists
fa	\[fa]	universal	u2200	for all
st	\[st]	suchthat	u220B
3d	\[3d]	therefore	u2234
∴	\[tf]	therefore	u2234
\|	\[or]	bar	u007C	bitwise OR operator (as used in C) +

Mathematical Symbols

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

½	\[12]	onehalf	u00BD	+
¼	\[14]	onequarter	u00BC	+
¾	\[34]	threequarters	u00BE	+
18	\[18]	oneeighth	u215B
38	\[38]	threeeighths	u215C
58	\[58]	fiveeighths	u215D
78	\[78]	seveneighths	u215E
¹	\[S1]	onesuperior	u00B9
²	\[S2]	twosuperior	u00B2
³	\[S3]	threesuperior	u00B3

+	\[pl]	plus	u002B	plus in special font +
-	\[mi]	minus	u2212	minus in special font +
-+	\[-+]	uni2213	u2213
±	\[+-]	plusminus	u00B1	+
+-	\[t+-]	plusminus	u00B1	text variant of `+-'
pc	\[pc]	periodcentered	u00B7
md	\[md]	dotmath	u22C5	multiplication dot
×	\[mu]	multiply	u00D7	+
mu	\[tmu]	multiply	u00D7	text variant of `mu'
⊗	\[c*]	circlemultiply	u2297	multiply sign in a circle
⊕	\[c+]	circleplus	u2295	plus in a circle
÷	\[di]	divide	u00F7	division +
di	\[tdi]	divide	u00F7	text variant of `di'
⁄	\[f/]	fraction	u2044	bar for fractions
*	\[**]	asteriskmath	u2217	+

≤	\[<=]	lessequal	u2264	+
≥	\[>=]	greaterequal	u2265	+
<<	\[<<]	uni226A	u226A	much less
>>	\[>>]	uni226B	u226B	much greater
=	\[eq]	equal	u003D	equals in special font +
≠	\[!=]	notequal	u003D_0338	+
≡	\[==]	equivalence	u2261	+
ne	\[ne]	uni2262	u2261_0338
≅	\[=~]	congruent	u2245	approx. equal
\|=	\[\|=]	uni2243	u2243	asymptot. equal to +
≈	\[ap]	similar	u223C	+
~~	\[~~]	approxequal	u2248	almost equal to
~=	\[~=]	approxequal	u2248
pt	\[pt]	proportional	u221D	+

Ø	\[es]	emptyset	u2205	+
mo	\[mo]	element	u2208	+
nm	\[nm]	notelement	u2208_0338
sb	\[sb]	propersubset	u2282	+
nb	\[nb]	notsubset	u2282_0338
sp	\[sp]	propersuperset	u2283	+
nc	\[nc]	uni2285	u2283_0338	not superset
ib	\[ib]	reflexsubset	u2286	+
ip	\[ip]	reflexsuperset	u2287	+
ca	\[ca]	intersection	u2229	intersection, cap +
cu	\[cu]	union	u222A	union, cup +

/_	\[/_]	angle	u2220
pp	\[pp]	perpendicular	u22A5
Integral	\[is]	integral	u222B	+
al	\[integral]	integral	u222B	***
um	\[sum]	summation	u2211	***
ct	\[product]	product	u220F	***
ct	\[coproduct]	uni2210	u2210	***
gr	\[gr]	gradient	u2207	+
sr	\[sr]	radical	u221A	square root +
rt	\[sqrt]	radical	u221A	***
ex	\[radicalex]	radicalex	---	square root continuation
ex	\[sqrtex]	radicalex	---	***

\|¯	\[lc]	uni2308	u2308	left ceiling +
¯\|	\[rc]	uni2309	u2309	right ceiling +
\|_	\[lf]	uni230A	u230A	left floor +
_\|	\[rf]	uni230B	u230B	right floor +

∞	\[if]	infinity	u221E	+
&alepfsym;	\[Ah]	aleph	u2135
Im	\[Im]	Ifraktur	u2111	Gothic I, imaginary
Re	\[Re]	Rfraktur	u211C	Gothic R, real
wp	\[wp]	weierstrass	u2118	Weierstrass p
d	\[pd]	partialdiff	u2202	partial differentiation +
-h	\[-h]	uni210F	u210F	Planck constant / 2pi
ar	\[hbar]	uni210F	u210F

Greek glyphs

These glyphs are intended for technical use, not for real Greek; normally, the uppercase letters have upright shape, and the lowercase ones are slanted. There is a problem with the mapping of letter phi to Unicode. Prior to Unicode version 3.0, the difference between U+03C6, GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI, and U+03D5, GREEK PHI SYMBOL, was not clearly described; only the glyph shapes in the Unicode book could be used as a reference. Starting with Unicode 3.0, the reference glyphs have been exchanged and described verbally also: In mathematical context, U+03D5 is the stroked variant and U+03C6 the curly glyph. Unfortunately, most font vendors didn't update their fonts to this (incompatible) change in Unicode. At the time of this writing (January 2006), it is not clear yet whether the Adobe Glyph Names `phi' and `phi1' also change its meaning if used for mathematics, thus compatibility problems are likely to happen - being conservative, groff currently assumes that `phi' in a PostScript symbol font is the stroked version.

In groff, symbol `\[*f]' always denotes the stroked version of phi, and `\[+f]' the curly variant.

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

Α	\[*A]	Alpha	u0391	+
Β	\[*B]	Beta	u0392	+
Γ	\[*G]	Gamma	u0393	+
Δ	\[*D]	Delta	u0394	+
Ε	\[*E]	Epsilon	u0395	+
Ζ	\[*Z]	Zeta	u0396	+
Η	\[*Y]	Eta	u0397	+
Θ	\[*H]	Theta	u0398	+
Ι	\[*I]	Iota	u0399	+
Κ	\[*K]	Kappa	u039A	+
Λ	\[*L]	Lambda	u039B	+
Μ	\[*M]	Mu	u039C	+
Ν	\[*N]	Nu	u039D	+
Ξ	\[*C]	Xi	u039E	+
Ο	\[*O]	Omicron	u039F	+
Π	\[*P]	Pi	u03A0	+
Ρ	\[*R]	Rho	u03A1	+
Σ	\[*S]	Sigma	u03A3	+
Τ	\[*T]	Tau	u03A4	+
Υ	\[*U]	Upsilon	u03A5	+
Φ	\[*F]	Phi	u03A6	+
Χ	\[*X]	Chi	u03A7	+
Ψ	\[*Q]	Psi	u03A8	+
Ω	\[*W]	Omega	u03A9	+
α	\[*a]	alpha	u03B1	+
β	\[*b]	beta	u03B2	+
γ	\[*g]	gamma	u03B3	+
δ	\[*d]	delta	u03B4	+
ε	\[*e]	epsilon	u03B5	+
ζ	\[*z]	zeta	u03B6	+
η	\[*y]	eta	u03B7	+
θ	\[*h]	theta	u03B8	+
ι	\[*i]	iota	u03B9	+
κ	\[*k]	kappa	u03BA	+
λ	\[*l]	lambda	u03BB	+
μ	\[*m]	mu	u03BC	+
ν	\[*n]	nu	u03BD	+
ξ	\[*c]	xi	u03BE	+
ο	\[*o]	omicron	u03BF	+
π	\[*p]	pi	u03C0	+
ρ	\[*r]	rho	u03C1	+
s	\[ts]	sigma1	u03C2	terminal sigma +
σ	\[*s]	sigma	u03C3	+
τ	\[*t]	tau	u03C4	+
υ	\[*u]	upsilon	u03C5	+
φ	\[*f]	phi	u03D5	(stroked glyph) +
χ	\[*x]	chi	u03C7	+
ψ	\[*q]	psi	u03C8	+
ω	\[*w]	omega	u03C9	+
+h	\[+h]	theta1	u03D1	variant theta
+f	\[+f]	phi1	u03C6	variant phi (curly shape)
+p	\[+p]	omega1	u03D6	variant pi, looking like omega
+e	\[+e]	uni03F5	u03F5	variant epsilon

Card symbols

Output	Input	PostScript	Unicode	Notes

CL	\[CL]	club	u2663	black club suit
SP	\[SP]	spade	u2660	black spade suit
HE	\[HE]	heart	u2665	black heart suit
61	\[u2661]	uni2661	u2661	white heart suit
DI	\[DI]	diamond	u2666	black diamond suit
62	\[u2662]	uni2662	u2662	white diamond suit

AUTHOR

This document is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free Documentation License) version 1.3 or later. You should have received a copy of the FDL on your system, it is also available on-line at the GNU copyleft site

This document is part of groff, the GNU roff distribution. It was written by James Clark with additions by Werner Lemberg and Bernd Warken

Index

NAME

DESCRIPTION

REFERENCE

7-bit Character Codes 32-126
8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255
Named Glyphs

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO